…particularly effective Information should be presented in small amounts so that responses can be reinforced (“shaping”) Reinforcements will generalize across similar stimuli (“stimulus generalization”) producing secondary conditioning References Markle, S….
…Skinner on stimulus-response learning, training programs focused on observable behaviors. Tasks were broken down into subtasks, and each subtask treated as a separate learning goal. Training was designed to reward…
Memory is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. Futhermore, memory has served as a battleground for opposing theories…
…the first operation, then the second which is practiced with the first, and so on. Application While this is a general theory of learning, it is illustrated primarily in the…
Over a period of six decades, Jean Piaget conducted a program of naturalistic research that has profoundly affected our understanding of child development. Piaget called his general theoretical framework “genetic…
…mastered they become internalized and allow “inner speech”. Vygotsky’s theory is complementary to Bandura’s work on social learning and a key component of situated learning theory as well. Because Vygotsky’s…
…to civilian jobs (e.g., flying, troubleshooting, leadership, medical care, engineering, etc.). Theories of adult learning (e.g., Cross, Knowles, Rogers) that emphasize experiential learning, as well as theories of social learning…
According to elaboration theory, instruction should be organized in increasing order of complexity for optimal learning. For example, when teaching a procedural task, the simplest version of the task is…
…(2) models of cause-effect systems (natural or manufactured), and (3) models of human performance. Together these constitute the elements necessary for performance and therefore for learning. Content should be expressed…
Feedback and reinforcement are two of the most pivotal concepts in learning. Feedback involves providing learners with information about their responses whereas reinforcement affects the tendency to make a specific…
…information; procedural knowledge is learned by making inferences from already existing factual knowledge. ACT-R supports three fundamental types of learning: generalization, in which productions become broader in their range of…
…introduces the idea of attention as a skill that can be improved (i.e., as a learning strategy). In his Conditions of Learning theory , Gagne suggests that gaining the attention…